Louis Armstrong and the development of early jazz Essay

Louis Armstrong and the improvement of early jazz - Essay Example ific way of execution - singing scat, that is, the sort of jazz singing, when the tune is ad libbed with including of unimportant arrangement of words which fills in as a sort of an extra instrument. The curiosity of the presentation shocks knowing about audience members and wins their hearts. Louis Armstrong becomes not just the case of following by other jazzmen yet additionally the most loved of the general population. This has its positive eventual outcomes even these days, after over fifty years, as his organizations are tuned in by an extraordinary number of his fans, his collections and arrangements of hits despite everything face phenomenal interest. So what is the job of Armstrong for the advancement of early jazz and what his specific effect on it? Let’s see the trademark highlights of his individual style by exploring its demeanor in his brimming with ability tunes. Most likely the eccentricities of each person’s life, regardless of whether the individual in question is a delegate of the logical or imaginative condition, discover their appearance somewhat in their works, and Louis Armstrong isn't an exemption in this regard. From youth and till the adolescent the future jazz player has an encounter of road singing, support in the camp metal symphony, execution in clubs and cafés, turning into an individual from various groups. This causes Armstrong to rise as an extraordinal entertainer whose unmistakable element is his playing style of neatness and excellence of sound. The other thing which features Armstrong on the foundation of other jazz entertainers is his showing off meant to be valued by everybody from the crowd; and it must be said he figures out how to turn into the most loved among the dark just as the white open. This implies the straightforwardness with which he wins the white open can be clarified by the way that from Louis’s youth he grows up and serves to white individuals, and that encourages him to figure out how to locate the correct methodology in managing them so as not to be eager, at least, and to

The market for IntensCare product Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The market for IntensCare item - Case Study Example The organization appreciates a huge market power as a result of its inventiveness, formalized procedure of item improvement and overwhelming interests in item advancement (Donnellon and Margolis 2). By and by, MedSys Company has is the main wholesaler of the IntensiveCare item in the market. The organization has put away gigantic aggregates of cash, adding up to $20.5 million in creating and propelling the item (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Since the item is the most driven undertaking ever, MediSys must have the biggest market contrasted with its rivals. Nature of the market structure The idea of the market for IntensCare item is immaculate rivalry. Immaculate rivalry advertise is the place there are numerous purchasers and dealers with the goal that the activity of one merchant has no noteworthy effect available cost. Immaculate rivalry showcase is described by versatility of the elements of creation with the end goal that makers can react to value signals. Valerie Merz, for instance, fears of losing the piece of the pie for to the pending item, which are planned for discharge inside the year (Donnellon and Margolis 1). Valerie is sane and try to expand utility and benefits; this is the component of an ideal rivalry showcase. The advertising capacity is keen on appropriating and selling the item. Valerie Merz, the advertising director was feeling the squeeze as she checked on the plan of the gathering expected for IntensCare item improvement group.

Article and Research Analysis - Our Sample Paper

Article and Research Analysis - Our Sample Paper Article and Research Analysis Our Sample Paper Electronic Health Record in Small Physician Practices Rao and his colleagues intend to investigate the variation that occurs in the adoption of Electronic health records as regards their functionalities, use patterns, challenges to adoption, apparent benefits, and how they relate to the size of the physician practice. The research design comprised of a mailed survey. This survey was mailed to a representative sample, on a national scale of physicians that are currently practicing as listed in the Physician Master File of the American Medical Association. The methodology applied involved a mail survey to a random sample of 5000 physicians. For the analysis, they were grouped according to their practice size and the total number of categories was four. Analyses were weighted to adjust for sample design and non-response and standard errors were obtained from multivariable regression models. The study concluded that HER adoption was considerably lower in small practices. Barriers and Facilitators to Knowledge Management in University Research Centres The study highlights the perceptions of 152 researchers from a variety of Portuguese research centres regarding the facilitators and barriers to knowledge management. They considered three main domains, knowledge gathering, creation and diffusion. This was considered less than three dimensions of barriers and/or facilitators, which are individual, socio-organizational processes and technology. The methodology applied was the selection of a convenience sample of 152 researchers working in 17 research centres in the University of Arvein in Portugal. The research centres are concerned with a wide range of research fields such as sciences and humanities. The study was carried out by presenting lists of facilitators and barriers and the participants were expected to add or remove items they felt to belong to the respective lists or had been left out. The outcome of the study indicated that the majority of the participants agreed with the stipulated lists of facilitators and barriers. Thos e that did not, added a long list of features onto the existing lists of barriers and facilitators. The conclusion was hereby drawn that the university was facing universal challenges. An Empirical Examination of a Process-Oriented IT Business Success Model The study aims at identifying the value of IT to modern organizations. The study employs a multivariate approach summarized into two major proponents which are examining how It and no-IT variables affect the so named IT success variables and the second is the so-called IT business value. IT business value can be defined as the contribution of IT to firm performance. The theoretical considerations of the study are grouped into two major facets: IT success literature and IT business value literature. The research methodology involved the development of a pool of items from the research literature. This information was used to refine the instrument whist data from a survey sample were used to assess the validity of the said instrument as well as its reliability to test the hypothesized relationships of the research model.  Some explicit conclusions were drawn from the study and they can be summarily stated as the relationship between IT success and firm performance appears to be strong if the “causal distance” between the factors measuring the two is short. IT VALUE: The Great Divide between Qualitative and Quantitative, and Individual and  Organizational Measures The study aims at establishing the value of IT systems within an organization, with particular emphasis on productivity. Productivity is the fundamental economic measure of a technology’s contribution. The research design involved the selection of four top MIS journals published between 1993 and 1998. These journals were further scrutinized for key words such as computers, systems, technology and also others such as evaluation efficiency, investment payoffs and such. The data analysis relied primarily on organizational level analyses. The sample selection simply consisted of all articles published in those journals and their consequent classification as IT value articles and related articles. The implications of the study were that researchers in the future would be better served by emphasizing theory generation, explicitly recognizing the limitations of current methods and measures in IT and becoming more aware as researchers of one’s own assumptions as well as biases. The study revealed that the journals addressed the question “what value do IT investments provide?” the study also revealed that there was a shortfall in all the journals as regard to addressing “why, where, when, and to whom these investments produce value?”

Gender, Discrimination, Harassment, And Discrimination

Introduction Homosexuality is defined as forming sexual relationships with members of the same sex (Blonna et al 2010), and for decades now, the societal attitudes towards homosexuality have varied, from casual integration through acceptance and then to repressing it through law enforcement and judicial mechanisms (Gregory 2004).. In recent years the concept of homosexuality has become a controversial topic amongst the sports community. Since the 1920’s Homosexual athletes have competed as Olympians and in various other professional sports. Due to the various stigmas associated with Gays and Lesbians, coming out in the sports world has shown to be an alienating and difficult experience for homosexual athletes and coaches. In most†¦show more content†¦The consequences of men having more power than women, in the sports world, has led to stereotyped gender roles and stereotypes related to gay and lesbian athletes. Gays are considered to be failures of the heterosexual image of man an d therefore being gay is considered weak and is not tolerated amongst athletes. On the other hand the being a lesbian or â€Å"tomboy† is more socially acceptable amongst sports culture (Joseph 1995). A few examples of female athletes who have publicly stated their sexual orientation are, tennis legend Marina Navratilova, who competed in 2004, years after coming out, and Megan Rapinoe, an American soccer player, took part in the 2012 Olympic games (Zeigler, 2014). Karen Hultzer publicly came out during the London Games; she was one of twenty-three Olympians who were publicly competing (Zeigler2014). Almost ass Olympic athletes, who publicly came out as women, have competed in events after their announcements. Even though male Olympic athletes like, figure skater Blake Skjellerup, had announced he was gay he did not compete in the winter Olympics afterwards (Zeigler, 2014). The main ideology associated in the masculine dominant environment is that homosexuality is a weakness, even though this is not true, Professional male

Essay on Forgive But Never Forget - Personal Narrative

Forgive But Never Forget - Personal Narrative There he was standing in the doorway of our house, a stranger to my mother and I, his shadow looming over me. His face, distraught and lonely, faced my mother who sat there crying on her chair as she had done for many nights for many years. In his right hand a black worn suitcase with a RAF badge on it, in his other a briefcase. A black hat was trapped beneath his armpit. He was a well-dressed man with a pitch-black suit without one crease in it, a matching tie and a pearl white shirt underneath. A tear now ran down his face too. I looked from behind my bedroom door, I had opened it just enough to see him, but not enough for him to notice me. I had†¦show more content†¦I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received, and that consequently this country is at war with Germany. My mothers face twisted in anger BASTARD! she shouted, I didnt know who she was saying it to, the radio, Our Prime Minister, Hitler or me? My Mother quickly snatched my hand and led me to our shelter in the garden. My Father soon followed, she was expecting bombs to come rain down on us straight away, we laid there on the damp floor for many hours until we finally realised that there was no threat. The second event that I remember happened one month after. My parents had been arguing for quite some days. Today was worst than ever. The war had put a lot of pressure on my parents relationship. Please dont go! my mum said as she collapsed on the chair crying. He looked at her with a stern look. I have to do this! he replied. He was wearing the same suit that he did ten years later. In his right hand the same suitcase and in his left hand the briefcase and his hat on his head. My father than left disappeared into the night. One week ago. I had long forgotten my father. My mother explained to me that my father had left her for another women but I didnt care that much I wasShow MoreRelatedLoves Path- Personal Narrative Essay662 Words   |  3 PagesLoves Path- Personal Narrative They say it is better to have loved and lost, than to have never loved at all. Those words are not comforting to me. But, I love you Deborah, he says as we sit on the couch in my basement, his voice shaky, and uncertain. He looks into my eyes as if pleading, no, begging for forgiveness. I dont recognize these eyes that once provided me with happiness, security, and comfort. These eyes used to reassure me that indeed he did --used to love me. It hurts to lookRead MoreEssay on Learning the Hard Way- Personal Narrative538 Words   |  3 PagesLearning the Hard Way- Personal Narrative We live our lives working in order to achieve peace within ourselves, a sense of accomplishment and happiness. The experiences and relationships that we develop along the way help to make us who we are. 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The Constitution Holds Great Credit - 1365 Words

The constitution holds great credit even after two hundred and twenty-eight years of existence. Why? This is because of a number of reasons, first due to the fact that this document is the foundations of what this nation stands upon today and what finally brought the country in unison successfully after the revolution. Also because the constitution is the document that protects the citizens of all their liberties and rights still today, not to mention though it was signed in seventy eighty-eight it is still being used in the form it was written in its ratification era, with only twenty-seven changes that have had to be made over the years. That alone can show the significance of this document but the history of how the constitution was†¦show more content†¦Thus creating the document which gave little to no respect and power to the central government to intervene when rebellions and riots began to occur. Under the articles almost all the states in the union were in serious de bts and had currency that were worth nothing. With what we may call a recession today, rebellions began to rise to fight mainly the tax appointment that was putting many citizens in deep debt. One of the famous rebellions, Shays rebellion, was what many see as the last straw before having to reassemble and create a new constitution. With the problems form the articles five states met together in September 1786 to discuss trading problems but slowly transitioning to talk about how to improve the country’s well being. The men at this conference then went about to invite all the states representatives to a conference to discuss the revise the constitution. The invitation to this constitution began to show the divide in the peoples opinion and what further would be seen as political parties. Some of the states saw the constitutional convention as a conspiracy to create a central government with too much power, while other states felt that it was necessary with all the chaos that was occurring without one. With the ratification process finally beginning concerns were voiced; namely how to develop the structure of development, the

Business Law Definition of Corporate Group

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Definition of Corporate Group. Answer: Definition of corporate group is not provided in corporation laws. In the case Walker v Wimborne (1976), the High Court defines the Corporate Group as a which are associated by common or interlocking shareholdings, allied to unified control or capacity to control. Following are the legal concepts of Corporate Groups: There are number of subsidiary companies under a company which has ownership and control of the subsidiary company. There are number of controlled companies under a parent company. There are various provisions for Corporate Groups in Australia, and lifting of the corporate veil by courts is one of those provisions. Usually, every company in corporate group has a separate legal entity and shareholders of these companies enjoying limited liability, which create obstacles for those who are dealing with such companies. This paper lays down the discussion on following topics: Lifting of corporate veil, so that holding companies can be held liable for their actions in their subsidiary companies. Determine the liability of the parent and holding company as a shadow director. Concept of separate legal entity and limited liability is very important aspects of companys incorporation. Separate legal existence means that company is different from its shareholders, directors, agents, employees, etc. company can exercise following powers as a separate legal entity: Company can sue others and can be sued by others. Property of company is belong to the company. Company has its own right and liabilities. Company access all the powers accessed by an individual, which means company can own and dispose of its assets and other property. Company can enter into contract with other persons. Limited liability is other important provision of companys incorporation. As per this provision shareholders of the company are not liable for the debts of the company, they are liable only up to that amount which is unpaid on the shares held by them[1]. Lifting of corporate veil by court to determine the liability of shareholders of the company is always a serious issue, especially in case when shareholder is a company. Lifting of corporate veil is a way through which court can deny the concept of limited liability of the shareholders. Research conducted by Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation show the number of cases in Australia in which request to lift the corporate veil is made to the court. Following table shows the number of cases in which request is made to lift the veil[2]: TIME PERIOD TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES LIFTED NON-LIFTED Before 1960 2 0 2 1960 3 1 2 1970 4 1 3 1980 15 6 9 1990 31 5 26 Total 55 13 42 Limited liability of the shareholders is a default rule, set up by the corporate law. Creditors are ready to enter into contracts with the entity whose shareholders are not liable for its debts. Shareholders with limited liability can easily invest in the projects which have higher risk. There are many reasons because of which default rule of limited liability is set up. Shareholders of the company with unlimited liability are always in fear of losing their assets if company fails to pay the debt. According to the CASACReport there are many benefits of conducting business operations through corporate group. This report also mentions the extent of harm suffered by the creditors of subsidiary companies due to the law of separate legal entity. Courts of Australia lift the corporate veil only in those cases where company is formed for fraudulent reasons or to safe the parent company from legal obligations, or where holding companies can directly liable for the acts of its subsidiary. In US, courts consider more factors than Australia in case of lifting of corporate veil such as cases involves fraud and misrepresentation, in case were subsidiary company is an agent of holding company, and holding and subsidiary company cannot treated separately[3]. In case of corporate groups principle of Solomon case may not help and court can order to lift the veil to check the economic conditions of the group. In case of D.H.N. food products Ltd. V. Tower Hamlets[4], court does not consider the principle of Solomon case. In this case court lifts the corporate veil and treats the three subsidiary companies as a part of the same group and entitled the three companies for compensation. Usually, two things are considered by the court to lift the corporate veil[5]: Shareholding pattern Control Circumstances which show that true facts are not disclosed by the company. The concept of corporate group is carefully used by the companies because company who enjoys the concept of separate legal entity is also liable to accept the limitations of this concept. In case of Adams V. Cape Industries[6] corporate veil is not lifted by the court. In this court, consider each company of the group as a separate legal entity. Court held that one company is not liable for the debts of another company under the same group. Concept of separate legal entity is a two-edge sword. At one side it was a good and on other side it was a bad decision. Both pros and cons are there in this doctrine. There are various disadvantages of this concept such as shareholders of the company who has limited liability, does not take much interest in the functions of the company because they are not liable for any debts of the company. Creditors of the company face high risk because of the concept of limited liability. In case of closely held companies and private companies economic benefit related to limited liability is not there. For example, expenses related to monitoring are reduced because shareholders and directors of the company are usually same. These entities usually take more risk because the directors of closely held companies earn personally and they are ready to take risk[7]. Concept of limited liability and lifting of corporate veil are applicable not only in case of shareholders only but also in case of directors of the company also. Usually, courts lift the veil only when liability in case of shareholders or directors of the company is involved. There are three situations in which court can order to lift the veil: When directors of the company are held liable In case of group companies In case of tort committed by company In case of group companies, if shareholders of the company are also the director of the company then in such case court lift the veil of piercing and impose liability on the shareholders on the company in the directors capacity. There are many reasons because of which court can lift the veil of companies which are closely held such as these companies are work as per the concept of partnership but they are incorporated[8]. Corporate Act 2001 defines various circumstances in which court lift the corporate veil and disregard the concept of separate legal entity: Section 588G [9] in this section directors are held liable for the debts of the company in case of insolvency. This principle is developing to safeguard the interest of creditors of the company and to protect the interest of unsecured creditors. In case of insolvency, creditors of the company can directly take interest in the company and directors are personally liable for debts of the creditors owned by the company. Section 267[10]- some situations in which charges are filed against the officers of the company. Section 292 and 295- in case of group companies related to financial statements. Section 588V to 588X[11]- in case when holding companies are held liable for the debts of subsidiary companies. Section 588FE[12]- any transactions between the company and its officers which are not commercial.

General Motors Case Study Essay Essay Example

General Motors Case Study Essay Essay Recently there have been doubts concerning the survival of General Motors. These doubts stem in part from the firm’s unawareness of the automotive industry’s external business environment. This includes the consumer’s view of current events and economic trends. There are also key issues such as the emergence of technology that are related to the automobile industry that are covered by trade publications. [i] Doubts also stem from problems associated with G. M. s internal business environment. These problems likely arose from the firm following the wrong generic strategy. For many years G. M. ’s position of dominance was built by designing cars for different customers by separate divisions. This gave them an extensive brand lineup which it used as its primary weapon in beating back both foreign and domestic rivals. [ii] However, in the 1980s Japanese Korean automobile manufacturers posed a significant problem to G. M. by their successful entry into the ind ustry which eroded their profits. It was at this time that consumers threatened G. M. ’s market share by forcing down prices when these foreign automakers successfully introduced their brands into the U. S. market. [iii] Automobile manufacturing has not been an attractive industry for G. M. in recent years. For a long time G. M. executives had decided to carry many different brands which required them to offer over 60 different models of cars and trucks. There were high productions costs associated with manufacturing and testing these automobiles these costs were passed onto the consumer. One analyst has suggested that G. M. hould have begun planning cutting back on its car divisions in the 1980s, but instead it actually added more brands. When G. M. ’s market share began to decline, it became difficult to continue to design and market cars under several brands. [iv] This left G. M. open to the threat of new entrants in the automobile industry. Another way automobile manufacturing has not been an attractive industry for G. M. in recent years is its l oss in profitability. In 2005 it announced a $10. 6 billion loss, the first in 12 years. In 2006 its net losses decreased to $1. 978 million. In 2007 they increased to $38. 32 million in 2008 they decreased to $30. 86 million. [v] These fluctuations may be due to Wagoner trying to deal with G. M. ’s problems as production capacity is balanced with profitability. There are emerging trends that are changing the entire automobile industry such as globalization;[vi] however, G. M. has been late in jumping on this bandwagon. Another trend is shorter product development cycles which give automobile manufacturers a shorter time to market. [vii] This gave Japanese automobile manufacturers a low entry barrier into the automobile industry in the 1980s. We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors Case Study Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on General Motors Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are also shifting roles responsibilities away from original equipment manufacturers to integrators/suppliers. [viii] This may have been another trend that G. M. was not sufficiently aware of causing it to lose market share. By looking at product line positions on strategic group maps, G. M. offers the same breadth of product line at an equivalent price as some of its closest rivals including Toyota, Honda, Nissan. All of these firms compete at both the lower and higher ends of the market along with G. M. [ix] Yet production costs per unit were significantly higher at G. M. ompared to these other automobile manufacturing firms that didn’t carry as many different brands. It was difficult for G. M. to achieve economies of scale because it had to spread these high costs of production over the number of automobiles it produced. [x] Consequently, this left G. M. open to the threat of new entrants in the automobile industry. Since Wagoner took over the firm in 2000, he has tr ied to implement and carry out a series of restructuring plans. The firm has undertaken its most serious efforts of restructuring but it has been very difficult to successfully complete them. Apparently problems grew as a result of mistakes made by G. M. ’s management over the last 30 years and it has taken time for Wagoner to deal with them. One way he has attempted to do this is by cutting back G. M. ’s production capacity[xi] which may have been prevalent in the auto industry at the time. [xii] Moreover, excess capacity often leads to escalating price cutting further eroding the automobile industry’s profits. [xiii] Wagoner’s restructuring plans provided for the four different geographic units to collaborate on designing, manufacturing, and marketing. Key decisions about product development began to be shifted to G. M. ’s headquarters. Efficiencies have been created which are likely to reduce its overall cost structure in the next few years. Through greater integration, G. M. has been able to reorganize product development making it speedier, cheaper, and more effective. Moreover, it has adopted practices perfected by the Japanese to improve the process. There has also been an increase in percentage of parts reused from one generation of G. M. cars to the next. xiv] There are conditions in the internal environment of G. M. that have contributed to its problems. A useful framework for gaining insight into any organization is to view it as a sequential process of value-creating activities. This is useful for understanding the building blocks of competitive advantage. The value of G. M. ’s automobiles is the amount that consumers are willing to pay for them and is measured by its total revenue. Its total revenue is a re flection of the price its automobiles command the quantity it can sell. xv] The firm has not been profitable because its costs of creating and manufacturing automobiles have exceeded its total revenue. One measure that is helpful in understanding a firm’s profitability is its profit margin. It is intended to measure how efficiently it uses its assets and manages its operations. G. M. ’s profit margin from 2006 to 2008 was -0. 95%, -21. 4%, -20. 7% respectively. This tells us that, in an accounting sense, in 2006 it lost about $0. 01 in profit for every dollar in sales it generated. In 2007 2008 it lost about $0. 1 in profit for every dollar in sales it generated. Return on assets from 2006 to 2008 was -3. 07%, -64. 1%, -74. 7% respectively. [xvi] These figures all show that G. M. has been an unhealthy firm. To further show G. M. ’s unhealthiness, its competitive position is strong if it can create value for consumers that exceed the costs of production. One way it can do this is to improve its inbound logistics. This is one of the primary activities of an organization that uses value-creating activities and it contributes to the physical creation of G. M. ’s automobiles. There is an efficient inbound logistics value-creating activity known as just-in-time inventory systems. However, this activity has been epitomized by Toyota—one of G. M. ’s major competitors. This is a system in which parts deliveries arrive at the assembly plant only hours before they are needed. It plays a vital role in fulfilling Toyota’s commitment to fill a buyer’s new car order in just five days. This is in sharp contrast to most competitors in the automobile industry. It is even three times faster than Honda Motors which is considered to be the industry’s most efficient in order follow-through. Toyota achieves such a fast turnaround because all of its suppliers are linked to the company by way of a computer on a virtual assembly line, parts are loaded on trucks in the order in which they will be installed, parts are stacked on trucks in the same place each time to help workers unload them quickly, and deliveries are required to meet a rigid schedule. [xvii] In evaluating how G. M. is performing it is important to take into account its performance from a historical perspective and how it compares with industry norms and key competitors. Short-term solvency, or liquidity, measures provide information about G. M. ’s liquidity. The primary concern is its ability to pay its bills over the short-run without undue stress. The book values and market values of current assets current liabilities are likely to be similar; however, sometimes they can change fairly rapidly, so they may not be a reliable guide to the future. The current ratio for G. M. for 2006, 2007, 2008 is 0. 93, 0. 86, 0. 56 respectively. Since current assets current liabilities are converted to cash over the following 12 months in any given period, the current ratio is a measure of short-term liquidity. From 2006 to 2008, G. M. had $0. 93, $0. 6, $0. 56 in current assets for every $1 in current liabilities respectively. A current ratio less than one would mean that net working capital is negative. This is one indication that G. M. is an unhealthy firm. An apparent low current ratio normally may not be a bad sign for a firm if it had large reserve of untapped borrowing power;[xviii] however, G. M. needed to borrow mone y from the government because it didn’t this reserve. Inventory is often the least liquid current asset. Moreover, book values are also the least reliable as measures of market value of inventory because quality isn’t considered. Some inventory may later turn out to be damaged, obsolete, or lost. To further evaluate liquidity, the quick ratio is computed just like the current ratio, except inventory is omitted. G. M. ’s quick ratio for 2006 to 2008 was 0. 64, 0. 57, 0. 34 respectively. As these years have progressed, inventory has accounted for more and more of G. M. ’s current assets which is often a sign of short-term trouble. The firm may have overestimated sales and overbought or overproduced as a result. This would mean that it may have a substantial portion of its liquidity tied up in slow-moving inventory. [xix] G. M. s long-term solvency ratios are intended to address its long-run ability to meet its obligations. This is also known as its financial leverage. The total debt ratio takes into account all debts of all maturities to all creditors. G. M. ’s total debt ratio for 2006 to 2008 was 1. 03, 1. 25, 1. 95 respectively. This means that it had $1. 03, $1. 25, $1. 95 in debt for every $1 in assets for 2006, 2007, 2008 respectively. Therefore, from 2006 to 2008 for every $1 in debt G. M. was short $0. 03, $0. 25, $0. 95 in equity respectively. G. M. ’s debt-equity ratio from 2006 to 2008 was -4. 45, -5. 00, -2. 05 respectively. Its equity multiplier for these years was -3. 45, -4. 00, -1. 05 respectively. Another measure shows how well G. M. has interest obligations covered. In 2006, for every $1 G. M. owed in interest it could only pay $0. 71. In 2007, for every $1 it owed in interest it was short $2. 15. In 2008 there was no interest reported as paid by G. M. [xx] Asset management, or turnover, measures show the efficiency with which G. M. uses its assets. They describe how efficiently of intensively G. M. uses its assets to generate sales. Its inventory turnover from 2006 to 2008 was 8. 23, 8. 36, 9. 10 respectively. This means that it sold off, or turned over, the entire inventory this many times during each of these years. Moreover, on average, inventory sat 44 days in each of 2006 2007 and 40 days in 2008. [xxi] Part of G. M. ’s restructuring plan is to get its four different geographic units to collaborate with one another on designing, manufacturing, and marketing. Key decisions concerning product development gradually began being made at G. M. ’s headquarters rather that at the various divisions. These changes have created efficiencies which are likely to reduce its overall cost structure in the future. These efforts at greater integration have enabled G. M. to reorganize the product development process and make it speedier, cheaper, and more effective. [xxii] Moreover, as G. M. began to share designs and parts across divisions in order to cut costs, it led to a loss of distinctiveness between the different brands. Moreover, since it offered so many different brands, it was limited in the number of new models it offered in any given year. G. M. ’s image was tarnished because many of its cars looked older. It was also difficult for the firm to make adequate investments to build any of its brands. xxiii] A framework for analyzing G. M. ’s internal and external environment is a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. This approach considers both external and internal factors simultaneously. G. M. ’s Strengths and Weaknesses refer to the internal conditions of the firm—where it excels and where it may be lacking relative to competitors . Its Opportunities and Threats are environmental conditions external to the firm. [xxiv] A strength of G. M. is its early shift in emphasis to bigger sports utility vehicles (SUVs) in the 1980s. This was caused by a change in the automobile industry in which the firm lost smaller-car customers to more nimble and inventive Japanese competitors. The bigger SUVs provided G. M. with ample profits in spite of its inflated cost structure. By the mid-1990s it became the biggest producer of full-size SUVs. It was at this time that G. M. ’s North American operations were very profitable only because of these big vehicles. However, the firm lost a great deal of money on most of its passenger cars. [xxv] One of G. M. ’s weaknesses has been its loss of profitability. This is probably due to the problems that arose over the last 30 years. During this time G. M. was using its resources and capabilities to design cars for different customers by separate divisions. The firms operations had been partnerships of somewhat independent geographic divisions that rarely worked with one another. This focus on an extensive brand lineup prevented G. M. from being more aware of globalization in a timely manner. Consequently, its overseas operations have failed to generate sufficient profits because it has had to respond to stronger competitors that have competed on a more global basis. xxvi] This correlates with its failure to adequately survey it external environment to predict environmental changes and detect changes underway. If G. M. had done this it would have been made aware of critical trends and events before changes developed a discernable pattern. Armed with this knowledge it would have been able to act proactively rather than being forced into reacti ve mode when Japanese automobile manufacturers stole its market share. There have also been product and manufacturing innovations the availability of substitute products. G. M. has been struggling with its response to emerging alternate technologies. It was the first to introduce an electric car in 1998 but it ended up scrapping the model a year later. Then the firm shifted its efforts to developing a new fuel-cell car. In 2008, G. M. began once again to further develop an electric car which it plans to introduce this year. [xxvii] G. M. had been facing threats from the external environment because of the low entry barrier it unwittingly gave to Japanese automobile manufacturers. If the firm had become better knowledgeable about the external business environment it would have been more responsive to it. This would have allowed it to predict environmental changes and detect changes already underway. One way it could have done this is to ask its customers questions about its products and services. This would have given G. M. knowledge of what consumers were looking for next. It would also have alerted G. M. to critical trends and events. Moreover, if executives at G. M. had read trade publications related to the auto industry it would have help them identify key issues. [xxviii] For example, it may have been aware of Japan’s shorter product development cycle giving their manufacturers a shorter time to market. By offering its extensive brand lineup, G. M. had been following a differentiation strategy which does not fit with this SWOT analysis. It is not appropriate because it needed to concentrate its efforts in developing a low-cost strategy. A competitive advantage based on low cost would have appealed to the industry-wide market. This would have included the construction of efficient scale facilities, cost reductions overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in the value chain such as R D. [xxix] There are three plausible strategic alternatives that G. M. ’s Board of Directors may consider. The first is to further restructure the four different geographic regions in order to get them to collaborate more closely with one another on designing, manufacturing, and marketing. The firm would become more globalized yet essentially continue to offer an extensive brand lineup. This alternative suggests that more product development decisions be made at G. M. ’s headquarters rather than at the various subsidiaries. An advantage of this alternative is that it is somewhat of a low-cost strategy. Moreover, moving the product development process to the firm’s headquarters may help to continue to make it more efficient, affordable, and effective. A disadvantage of this strategy is that G. M. won’t have the costs savings associated with focusing on a narrower segment of consumers. The second alternative is similar to the first, but the brand lineup would be significantly reduced. An advantage of this strategy is the costs savings associated with focusing on a narrower segment. A disadvantage of this strategy is G. M. would lose some of its customers to other competitors who focus on different segments. The third alternative is for G. M. to move toward greater globalization yet limit the amount of collaboration the various divisions have with one another. The advantage of this strategy is the various divisions can remain somewhat autonomous allowing them to provide for the wants of consumers in its particular region or within its shipping jurisdiction. A disadvantage of this strategy is it will be once again difficult for G. M. to achieve economies of scale. The advantage of all three strategies is the move toward greater globalization. Whatever strategy G. M. decides to implement, it must work toward greater globalization since it has been caught unaware of this trend. By concentrating on globalization it should be able to distribute automobiles to more and more consumers. Beyond that, I believe that the best strategic alternative for G. M. based on its circumstances is the second one. I am recommending this strategy because, in order to compete successfully in the automobile industry, it is important that G. M. reduce its brand lineup. By focusing on a narrower segment of consumers, the firm should be able to eventually experience cost savings. Although it may lose customers to other competitors in the industry, it may eventually make up lost profits by making an effort to develop a focus strategy. In order to implement this strategic alternative, G. M. ’s four different geographic regions must have better access to collaboration. This may include videoconferencing and other forms of electronic communication. This would enable the sharing of ideas concerning, among other things, which brands and models need to be reduced or eliminated and which ones need to be retained. Moreover, all areas of product development would have to be moved to G. M. ’s headquarters. This may also require that the firm expand its capacity in Detroit, MI to accommodate designing, manufacturing, and marketing. This would have to occur after G. M. ’s extensive brand lineup is reduced to those brands believed to be the most profitable. The firm must understand that the plausibility of this recommendation is based on the viability of the brands it decides to retain. It is also based on G. M. ’s continued surveillance of the both the external and internal business environments. Problems may occur if there are significant changes in the industry that it has not been made aware of such as economic instability in a nation that imports G. M. automobiles.

Free Essays on To an Athlete Dying Young

AE Housman Reading this poem I had several different impressions. First reading it in a literal aspect I saw a child who ran races and perhaps won. Even if he didn’t win he was made to feel like a winner. â€Å"And home we bought you shoulder high† (line 4) this says they bought him home proudly but not necessarily that he won. Next something happens to the runner that makes him unable to run, perhaps old age but I think death because of the following lines: Will flock to gaze the strength less dead†(line26) I also think there were key statements throughout to somewhat changed my thought pattern. In line 20 he says, â€Å"and the name died before the man.† This is saying that often as we grow older and began to change people forget all of the things that made us who we are. An example of this would be some older sports figures. Though the man lives own his life may be forgotten by many. I guess you could also compare this to life. We are young and boisterous one day (such as the runner in the beginning) and as time goes on we began to somewhat fall apart as we continue further through the... Free Essays on To an Athlete Dying Young Free Essays on To an Athlete Dying Young AE Housman Reading this poem I had several different impressions. First reading it in a literal aspect I saw a child who ran races and perhaps won. Even if he didn’t win he was made to feel like a winner. â€Å"And home we bought you shoulder high† (line 4) this says they bought him home proudly but not necessarily that he won. Next something happens to the runner that makes him unable to run, perhaps old age but I think death because of the following lines: Will flock to gaze the strength less dead†(line26) I also think there were key statements throughout to somewhat changed my thought pattern. In line 20 he says, â€Å"and the name died before the man.† This is saying that often as we grow older and began to change people forget all of the things that made us who we are. An example of this would be some older sports figures. Though the man lives own his life may be forgotten by many. I guess you could also compare this to life. We are young and boisterous one day (such as the runner in the beginning) and as time goes on we began to somewhat fall apart as we continue further through the...

Viewpoint of Leopold and Schweitzer about Artificial Destruction of Assignment - 3

Viewpoint of Leopold and Schweitzer about Artificial Destruction of Ecosystem Centers - Assignment Example Various ideas about artificial destruction of ecosystem centers on ethics as a tool of human conscience. The moral obligation of man towards the non-living objects and other living organisms has been proposed by two environmental thinkers in a divergent perspective but convergent basis. Leopold is a proponent of land ethic as a critical moral instrument that should guide human actions towards nature. His claim emphasizes the overriding perception of man that land is a property. His analogy of Odysseus killing his maid servants is a comparative scenario of how man treats land. He argues against the human notion that land should be treated as personal property that can be exposed to destruction at will. Instead Leopold explains that man should consider land as part of ecology in which man is also a member (KohaÃŒ k 88). The point is that land serves as the habitat of several other organisms besides man. In that respect, man’s effort to destroy land interferes with the otherwise complex biotic and abiotic system that constitutes nature.Land ethics is used by Leopold to emphasize the need for a moral conscience of man in his relationship with soil. The description of land in this case encompasses water, soil, wildlife and all living and non-living organisms that make up ecosystem. The relationship that exists between man and land is more of symbiotic and property aspect should not be upheld. The land is considered the source of energy through food chain that ends up sustaining man. Leopold argues that the working of the ecosystem is complex and limited knowledge of man which prompt violent attack on nature is not fair. Man is the only organism with conscience and has the obligation to exercise morality in his treatment of nature. In this respect, Leopold champion for responsibility on the side of man in his desires to satisfy societal needs through nature. Other animals and plants may not have the conscience but it is evident that they always pose limited r isk to the same ecosystem that supports them. The history of evolution and biblical assertions of human superiority over nature assigns moral obligation to do the right thing for sustainable existence.

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design Essay

Persuasive Speech-Problem & Solution Design - Essay Example Marriage is typically defined as the uniting of two people of the age of majority of their own free will and volition. In this way, regardless of culture contractual unions (often referred to as marriage) are recognized by the law of the state in every nation on the face of the planet. Child marriage is a situation where children are subjected to matrimony before they have achieved the legal marriage age. In the Middle East nearly half of Yemeni girls are married before they reach eighteen years of age. In some instances, marriages occur even before the tender age of 8. The law in Yemen set the minimum age at one that is approved for marriage to be 15 years; however, traditional customs more often than not continuously flout this law. 1. This is due in part to the fact that the law was continually interpreted differently by different individuals, the laws was changed in 1999 to allow marriage only after the point in time in which a girl reached the age of puberty. However, the issue with the change in the law meant that many tribal elders interpreted puberty to be as early as the age of 9. In the actual practice, it can be said that the law in Yemen allows women of any age to be able to wed, but it is forbidden to practice sex with them until they achieve the age where it is now considered suitable to do so. 2. The law was later to be raised from the minimum age of marriage to be 18 years after a girl, Nujood Ali, 10 years of age, in April 2008 was able to be granted divorce successfully after being raped under the set circumstances. Much later in 2008, a council for maternal care and childhood established a proposal for the minimum age to be defined at 18 years and was passed as law in April 2009. However, this law was to be dropped the very next day after maneuvers by parliamentarians opposed to it, and negotiations are still ongoing for the legislation to be

Jollibee Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jollibee Case Study Essay 1. Introduction Anil K. Gupta and Vijay Govindarajan argue in their article, â€Å"Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations†, that mainly all previous research on strategic control within multinational companies (MNCs) has paid attention to why these choose to go abroad. They instead argue that for successful offshore business, one must understand how communication flows within the different sub-units of the organization. As Jollibee Foods Corporation considers whether they should establish a fourth store in Hong Kong, it faces several challenges. One of the main challenges regards knowledge transfer between its Filipino facilities and the newly established ones abroad. It is therefore relevant to look at the following research question: What consequences does the current â€Å"strategic control over its subsidiaries† have on the knowledge transfer between the Jollibee headquarters on the Philippines and the offshore Jollibee Food plants in Hong Kong? In answering the research question, we will start by explaining the framework of Gupta Govindarajan’s (1991) on different kinds of subsidiaries, with attention paid to knowledge transfer and their related control instruments. Further we will examine what kind of challenges Jollibee Foods Corporation is facing with its expansion to Hong Kong. Finally, the above analysis will provide us with information about the existing opportunities on the Chinese market and will enable us to suggest a reconstruction of the offshore business in Hong Kong to make it more successful. Jollibee meets several tasks in their offshoring project, but due to space limitation there will in this paper only be focus on two selected challenges, the challenges of adjusting to Chinese taste and their management structure. 2. Jollibee Foods Construction and its strategic control over its subsidiary in Hong-Kong Gupta and Govindarajan (1991) proposed that there exists a certain association between different types of subsidiary units and the strategic corporate control of that subsidiary. They defined four ideal types as; Implementor, Global innovator, Integrated Player and Local Innovator, based on the amount of knowledge that flows and the direction of this knowledge, between the subsidiary and the rest of the MNC. Upon Tingzon ´s arrival the main strategy of the offshore business has been â€Å"flag planting†. Flag planting aims at establishing a presence in each market before competitors, and so, emphasizing at implementing customer expectation, influencing taste and building brand (case p. 11). The initial plan in Hong Kong has been to become one of the major players in the market fast. The previous international strategy meant that the subsidiaries in Hong Kong functioned as implementors. An implementor is characterized by a high degree of knowledge inflow from the headquarters but with a low degree of knowledge outflow; hence mainly applying the strategy used in the parent company without any local adaption (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991). Functioning as an implementor has meant that the established Hong Kong stores have not been engaged in any knowledge creation, but simply followed instructions from the Filipino headquarters. Furthermore one can argue that Jollibee’s approach to Hong Kong has been to primarily implement the already existing practices from the Philippines. For example, the menu offered in Hong Kong is almost the same as the Filipino one, knowledge of what to sell has simply been brought in from headquarter (case page. 12) Further evidence arguing for that the Hong Kong subsidiary has been operating like an implementor can be seen in the management transfer of the CEO’s brother-in-law, from the parent company to the Hong Kong subsidiary (case page 12). In addition, the store-level managers were all Filipino while little crew were Chinese and staffing problems consequently grew. To solve the problem the Manila based Franchise Service Manager worked continuously with Hong Kong for more than six months, without success. In 1997 a dispute over discipline between the four Chinese Managers, and the five Filipino Managers, resulted in the Chinese Managers leaving Jollibee with only Filipino crew left (page 12). This points towards the subsidiaries in Hong Kong adapting the characteristic of an implementor, e.g. pure inflow of knowledge from the parent company and little outflow of knowledge from the Hong Kong subsidiary. Furthermore is the overall â€Å"flag planting† strategy of Jollibee very i ndicative of the skewed power balance between Jollibee and its subsidiaries. 3. Organizational Challenges Jollibee experienced the internal challenges of organizational culture clash between its implemented Filipino workers and the Chinese staff. Furthermore the implementation of the international menu was not as successful as expected (case p. 13). The strategy of focusing on Filipino expatriates in new markets, might has helped Jollibee’s entry to the Hong-Kong market, since they already had a distinguished costumer group of Filipinos. But as Tingzon asks in the case â€Å"might we risk boxing ourselves into a Filipino niche that prevents us from growing enough to support operations in each country?† (case p. 11). We found that the expatriate-led strategy have prevented further expansion of the company on the Hong Kong market. This is due to the local knowledge that resides in Chinese workers and managers are not exploited when only employing Filipino managers. As stated above, in the early entry into the Hong Kong market, Jollibee did also employ Chinese managers but due to their sole implementation of inflows from headquarters, clashes arose between the Chinese and the Filipino managers. Furthermore one major challenge to successfully establish a fourth store and gain more market share is to adapt the prevailing menu to the Chinese taste. The main challenge for Jollibee now is how to realize, and best use, the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers. 4. Altering the Strategy for the Hong Kong Subsidiary From the above section we can conclude that there exists several challenges of how the subsidiary in Hong Kong has previously been structured, for example has one of the sub-franchisees tried to suggest changes to the menu. To be able to attract more local costumers he proposed low fat chicken and Chinese tea, as he sensed a demand for these products among the Chinese people (case p. 12). He has tried to implement these changes for several of months but has not yet received a go-ahead from the headquarters. This indicates that Jollibee mainly sees its subsidiaries as implementors, without any outflow of local knowledge to the other subsidiaries. But for Jollibee to succeed in opening a fourth store and increase its market share on the Hong Kong market, reconstruction and adaption to the local market is crucial. The top management saw a high profit potential in Hong Kong, and therefore urged Tingzon to open the fourth store. But as the profit potential is high, the competition in Hong Kong for similar food companies, such as McDonalds, is also very intense. Jollibee Food Construction does not have the competitive advantage of a first mover and is not alone on the market. For example has their main competitor, McDonald’s, both stronger brand recognition in the Hong Kong market and they are stronger financially. Hence Jollibee has to take on a different subsidiary strategy than the â€Å"implementor†, in order to success (Hymer p. 61). With this in mind the strategy of the Hong Kong sub-division can become a successful sub-division if it adapts the characteristics of a local innovator instead of trying to be an implementor, with both low inflow and outflow of knowledge. One main challenge for Jollibee is to attract more local employees and as Gupta and Govindarajan’s proposition 3 states; under norms and administrative rationality will the composition of the top-management for the specific subsidiary consist of mainly locals if the division acts as a local innovator (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991). As an implementor has the possibility for autonomous initiative been low while it as a local innovator exists space to adapt to the local environment, e.g. for Jollibee to take on a more Chinese menu. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, as Jollibee decide whether or not to establish one more store in Hong Kong, they have to look over their strategic control over its subsidiaries. As examined above, the company has mainly viewed their subsidiaries as implementors. We found this international strategy insufficient, and that it hindered them to fully exploit the market potential in Hong Kong. The prevailing challenges for Jollibee now is how to realize and best use the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers. Due to limitations of the paper, it is only a fraction of possible explanations that have been highlighted and these revolve primarily around the importance of increasing the local engagement in the Hong Kong subsidiary, and increase the local innovation towards more local taste. Hence we argue for Jollibee’s subsidiaries in Hong Kong to adapt towards a local innovator role. 6. Bibliography Case: Bartlett, C. A. (2001). Jollibee Foods Corporation (A): International Expansion. Harvard Business School Gupta, A.K.,Govindarajan, V. (1991). Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management, Review 16(4) 768-792 Gupta, A.K., Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal 21, pp. 473-496. letto-Gilles, G. (2005). â€Å"Hymer ´s seminal work†, in Part III Modern Theories in Transnational Corporations and International Production. Academic Books, Copenhagen Business School. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Schlegelmilch, B., Ambos, B., Chini, T. (2003/4). Are you ready to learn from your offshore affiliates? European Business Forum, 16

War of the Rats Essays -- David L. Robbins Literature Essays

War of the Rats War of the Rats, written by David L. Robbins, and the movie Stalingrad, directed by Joseph Vilsmaier, are two excellent sources to be used in furthering one’s understanding of the second world war and specifically the battle of Stalingrad. Both of these sources cover generally the same material. They both are dramas about the battle of Stalingrad, yet each has their own unique perspective upon the war. These two sources can be used together to increase one’s knowledge on the subject at hand. War of the Rats, a book that has been recently published is basically a war inside of a war. It focuses more on a personal battle of two men then it does on the battle of Stalingrad on a whole. The book has four main characters and is mostly based on these people. Robbins seems more content on telling his drama he is revealing to the reader then giving actual historical accounts on the battle of Stalingrad. Robbins story starts out about the Russians skilled assassin, Army Chief Master Sergeant Visily Zaitsev. Zaitsev is a famed sniper, known for killing the opposing Germans with ease. The Germans realize how dangerous of a weapon Zaitsev is, and counter with their own master sniper, S.S. Colonel Heinz Throvald. Throvald is sent with one mission; kill Zaitsev. Also included in the plot of Robbins’ book are Tania Chernova, Zaitsev’s assistant, and Corporal Nikki Mood, a composite German soldier. Tanis Chernova and Vasily Zaitsev eventually fall in love. The novel eventually ends with the two master snipers, Throvald and Zaitsev, crossing each other’s paths. In somewhat of a cliffhanger, the book finishes off with both Throvald and Zaitsev putting crosshairs on each other’s head. Although it is very entert... ...ery educational. Both are based on factual events. War of the Rats is more about two individual people than the actual war, but still gives a brief overview about the battle of Stalingrad. Stalingrad focuses on the suffering of the German soldiers and probably is more useful than the War of the Rats in the sense that it covers the actual war more. However, both are highly recommended and go hand in hand. One would probably understand the importance of the Second World War on the Eastern Front in world history most if he or she looked into both sources. Works Cited Beschner, M. George, and Alfred S. Friedman. Youth Drug Abuse. Toronto: D.C. Heath, 1980. Dogan, Shamed. â€Å"Legal Drinking Age Should Drop to 18.† High Ground.com. 1997 February 14, 1997 Group Survey of 100 people. â€Å"Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen?† May 25, 2000

An investigation into the characteristics of a filament bulb Essay

I will set the voltage at the certain voltages and I will repeat the experiment twice. This will give me a set of results to compare my originals to. When performing this experiment I must carry out a few safety procedures. I must make sure I do not overpower the bulb as it could break. I must not leave my wires dangling as this is a safety hazard. I must try and work away from other experiments as this will give me more space to work on and minimise hazards to the other experimenters in the room. I would predict that as the voltage goes up so do the readings on the ammeter and voltmeter. There will be a positive strong line on a line graph that would rise rapidly but as the voltage is increased, the curve will flatten out. To make the experiment as fair as possible I will use the same filament bulb and other materials throughout the experiment. Most of the factors however cannot be controlled. This includes the wire resistance which we cannot change or tell if it is bad or good. Temperature will also affect the resistance of the wire very slightly. However slight this is it is still a factor which would determine my results. This can be controlled to a certain extent by performing the experiment all at the same time when the temperature changes will be very slight. Volts Test 1 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter.

critical reflection practice - 2329 Words

Critical reflection. What do we really mean? Patricia Lucas Auckland University of Technology (and PhD student Deakin University) Do we really know what critical reflection means in the context of work-integrated learning, more specifically cooperative education? Critical reflection, in some form, is located within many higher education programmes, including cooperative education and many educators would say this is important for in-depth student learning. It is a form of reflection that is complicated as well as challenging for the learner and the educator. It would appear that there is a lack of consensus regarding the definition of critical reflection, as it is difficult to define and your definition may depend on your context†¦show more content†¦Guidelines in the literature on how to determine, facilitate and assess critical reflection in practice appear to be limited (Leijen et al., 2011; Smith, 2011). Models of critical reflection This vast area in the literature, which explores models of critical reflection, lacks clarity. There seems to be similarities within and across the various applications from many fields or disciplines of education that may have little or no areas of overlap (Fook Gardner 2007). Many models of reflection based on a philosophical approach, may be considered to assist students develop an understanding of critical reflection. These have been briefly outlined in table 1.0 to help visualize the relationship between the models and frameworks. The framework chosen to guide students’ reflections may be determined by the expectations of the learning outcomes. Some models of reflection may not encourage critical reflection. Models may guide the process of reflection but should not impose a prescription of what reflection is. It is not essential to follow a model and some practitioners choose not to. There is some criticism of models that reduce reflection to levels but this approach may be useful for teaching what the focus of reflection entails. The student may choose whether or not to adopt a model to frame their reflection as a temporary measure until confidence in the reflective activity is gained and understood. Table 1.0: Three models of critical reflectionShow MoreRelatedSocial Work Practices And Critical Reflection2317 Words   |  10 PagesSocial work practice works with many people in different situations, needing concise help from professionals. This assistance includes a range of skills such as; identifying the problem or problems, apply and use evidence based practice and theories and critical reflection. All these skills are integral parts of best practice in social work, and are needed by all service users. 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Furthermore, critical reflective practice is a form of ongoing learning that involves engaging with questions of philosophy, ethics and practice. Additionally, documenting the daily events in the ECE sector is an important aspect of being a professional and are a compulsory requirement for meeting the NCAC (2005) guidelines for high qualityRead MoreAdolescent and Predictable and Unpredictable Elenents of This Transition and Associated Life-Stage1065 Words   |  5 PagesAbdallah. Ayda Critical Reflection Essay Introduction Within the context of nursing there has been a significant change in nursing in the last two decades, where nursing and medical knowledge has led to changes where patients can no longer stay in hospital and reduction in hospital beds. Professionals who are employed in the healthcare industry are dealing with acutely ill patients who are in more need of care (usher et al 2009). As professionals we must discover the nature that is offered to usRead MoreReflective Reflection Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesreflective practice becoming more popular amongst practitioners. Dallos, Stedmon (2009) state that for professionals working directly with people, such as counsellors, reflective practice has quickly developed into a fundamental component of training, and the best practice for creating successful outcomes. This essay will focus on how reflective practice is critical for professional life, and how the use of reflection and theory can be used by counselling practitioners to inform their practice. ReflectiveRead MoreThe Theory And Practices Of Reflection1254 Words   |  6 Pages Critical reflection is the active, organised cognitive process used to carefully examine ones thinking and the thinking of others. It draws upon skills used in other ways of thinking, but is viewed as a broader concept that’s differentiated by its holistic, purposeful, reflective and goal orientated nature. Critical thinking is central to quality nursing practice. It is therefore important that nurses purposefully use and develop their critical thinking ability in order to deliver safe and effectiveRead MoreReflection1542 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the contribution of reflective practice for clinical nursing. Reflection has been defined as a way for individuals to â€Å"capture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate† (Boud et al 1985: 19) Argyris and Schon (1974) suggest that practitioners often practice at less than effective levels because they follow routine. Johns (1995) implies that action can be taken through reflection to increase effectiveness in practice as reflection provides opportunities for self developmentRead MoreReflective Essay : Reflective Practice Theoretical Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice Theoretical Essay Introduction(300) Rolfe (2011) state that reflection is a mental process which include thinking, feeling, imagining and learning about what was happening in the past and which could be considered as a personal experience. Reflection is a continuous debate on what might have happened differently and if this could affect differently the present and the future regarding the outcome if is positive or negative. Experience underpin the process of reflection. AccordingRead MoreCritical Aspects Of Social Work Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesthings that stood out for me while doing this course and before has made me realize that social work is harder than I thought it would be. There are many critical aspects of social work that help us work with clients. One of the biggest things that have stood out for me was that helping people is more complicated than I thought there are so many critical things in the process that work to help others. Therefore it is not as easy as I expected it would be. The main reasons that I wanted to do this course